Among these warning signs are: A tendency to invoke ad hoc hypotheses, which can be thought of as “escape hatches” or loopholes, as a means of immunizing claims from falsification. An absence of self-correction and an accompanying intellectual stagnation. An emphasis on confirmation rather than refutation.
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Make an observation.
Ask a question.
Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.
Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
Test the prediction.
Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.
3. A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance
